Question bank

You are evaluating a 12-year-old boy who recently moved to your community. His family history reveals that his father, who is 36 years old, suffers from extremely high blood cholesterol levels (>500 mg/dL [12.9 mmoVL]). The boy's mother states that her husband's brother has the ''same problem.'' Findings on the boy's physical examination are normal. Of the following, the BEST next step for your patient is to

You are asked to examine a tall 15-year-old boy. His height is above the 98th centile for his age and lie has other concerns about the development of breast tissue. He was told tl1is was normal as he develops through puberty but his father states he has no facial or underarm hair. Jake allows a brief examination of his genitalia and you note he has a small penis and testicular volume. He has no arachnodactyly or visual problems. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 3-year-old boy is brought in by ambulance fitting. You are assigned to get the history from the father. Harry is normally fit and well with no significant past medical history or allergies. He is up to date with his immunizations and has been growing and developing normally. His behaviour has been difficult for the past 2 weeks since the birth of his little sister. Mum has been unwell as she developed HELLP syndrome and was in hospital for a week foilowing the delivery. Yesterday, he was quite unwell with a tummy bug, vomiting and had black diarrhoea. That evening they found a mess he had made in the bathroom with all of his mum's things strewn over the floor including her tablets from the hospital. By that time, Harry was getting better so they did not think anything of it. Today he has been acting strangely and has been difficult to understand, he then became lethargic at about 4 pm and started fitting 15 minutes ago. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A couple who are known to both be carriers of cystic fibrosis ask to see you. They had genetic counselling but declined antenatal diagnostic testing and their baby bas now been born and is ready to be discharged home. The parents are now keen to get the baby tested so that if treatment is required it can be initiated early on. What initial test do you suggest for the baby?

You are evaluating a 6-hour-old male infant who was born after a term pregnancy and normal delivery and weighs 4 kg. The infant is comfortable but exhibits mild tachypnea, with a respiratory rate of 50 breaths/min. His heart rate is regular at 150 beats/min. His oxygen saturation is 60% in all extremities and does not increase significantly with the administration of oxygen by face mask. His lungs are clear, and there are no murmurs, gallops, or rub. You suspect transposition of the great arteries. Of the following, the BEST management strategy is

A 2-month-old exclusively breast-fed infant presents to your office because his mother thinks that he is irritable. His mother reports that the infant has been passing loose stools and cries when he has a bowel movement. He is generally happy at other times. Physical examination demonstrates a healthy, afebrile, vigorous infant who has normal skin color. Cardiac, pulmonary, and abdominal examination findings are all normal. Anal inspection demonstrates no fISsures. A stool specimen has reddish flecks, and the guaiac test is positive. Of the following, the BEST next step is to

The pediatric resident at the emergency department notifies you that one of your patients, an 18-montb-old boy, has been admitted to the hospital for observation after being found with an open bottle of lemon-scented furniture polish. On arrival at the emergency department, the child had lemon-scented polish on his clothing, and his breath smelled of the substance. His mother stated that he had vomited once, but there has been no choking, gagging, or coughing since the ingestion. Of the following, the MOST appropriate management includes:

You are seeing a 6-week-old infant who was born with trisomy 21 and a large atrioventricular septa] defect. Over the previous week, she has tired with feeding and has not gained weight. Her respiratory rate is 60 breaths/min and heart rate is 150 beats/min. Auscultation reveals mild retractions and a 2/6 systolic murmur with a gallop rhythm. The liver is palpable at 2 cm below the costal margin, and the perfusion is good. You decide to increase the caloric content of the formula to 24 kcal/oz, and you contact her pediatric cardiologist to discuss referral for surgical repair. Of the following, the BEST therapeutic option while awaiting surgical repair is

A 16-year-old boxer presents to your office 2 hours after a blow delivered to one ear during sparring. The ear is swollen and painful. On physical examination, you note a 2-cm diameter USMLE Pediatry2e/Management area of bruising and fluctuance along the upper aspect of the pinna anteriorly. Of the following, the MOST appropriate next step in the management of this patient is to

A 7-year-old boy presents with a 3-year history of seasonal rhinorrhea and nasal congestion. He states that ''as soon as the weather warms up,'' he experiences daily nasal symptoms that are often severe enough to limit his outdoor activity. On physical examination, you note infraorbital swelling, a transverse nasal crease, boggy turbinates, and clear rhinorrhea. A nasal smear demonstrates numerous eosinophils. You decide to treat him with a nasal spray. Of the following, the MOST effective long-term treatment for this boy is a nasal spray containing a(n)

A 34-year-old father of five children attends the family planning clinic for advice on birth control. After discussing the various options available, he requests a vasectomy. Which of the following structures lies most proximal to the vas deferens (ductus deferens)?

A 14-month-old girl is brought to the emergency department with a 12-hour history of fever and rash. Her mother became frightened when it was difficult to arouse the girl after her nap. Findings on physical examination include a temperature of 104°F (40°C), a heart rate of 164 beats/min, a respiratory rate of 42 breaths/min, and a blood pressure of 75/45 mm Hg. There are petechiae and purpura (Item Q156A) on the chest, arms, and legs. As you are establishing intravenous access and drawing blood for initial laboratory evaluations, you request an immediate dose of antibiotics. Of the following, the MOST appropriate therapy is

You diagnose tinea capitis in a 7-year-old girl. She is otherwise healthy and has no known allergies to medications. You plan to prescribe oral griseofulvin. Of the following, it is MOST appropriate to prescribe the drug

A 15-year-old girl is rushed to the emergency department after slipping off a diving board and striking her head on cement. On physical examination, her mental status evaluation results are completely normal. She can abduct her upper extremities at the shoulder, but cannot flex or extend her arms and minimally moves her imgers. She cannot move her limp lower extremities. You order emergent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine. Of the following, the MOST important therapy to implement before the patient is sent for imaging is

A 4-year-old boy presents to your clinic with a 4-day history of fever. Over the past 24 hours, he developed swelling over the left side of his face, and his left eye is starting to close. On physical examination, his temperature is 102°F (38.9°C), and his left cheek and lower eyelid are swollen but not red or warm. On oral examination, you note a severe decay of the second maxillary molar and elicit pain when you tap on this tooth. Of the following, the MOST appropriate therapy is

You are evaluating a 10-year-old boy who has behavior problems. He hits his younger brother, talks back to his parents, and refuses to perform his assigned household chores. He does well in school, but is oppositional in the classroom. His parents ask what they can do to improve his behavior. Of the following, your BEST response is that

A 2-year-old boy presents to the emergency department and requires intubation due to apnea. Subsequent tests reveal a diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis. Because of the emergent nature of the intubation, you were not able to put on a mask prior to performing this task. Therefore, you will need to take prophylactic medications to prevent transmission of the organism to you. Of the following, the MOST appropriate antimicrobial agent for prophylaxis is

You are admitting a 35-week gestation newborn to the neonatal intensive care unit for respiratory distress at 4 hours of age. She requires assisted ventilation. The resident working with you asks what test of pulmonary function is preferred in your initial assessment of this newborn. Of the following, the BEST response is

A 14-year-old girl presents to your office with complaints of a red and ''irritated'' eye for the past 12 hours. She wears contact lenses, but has not worn them since the previous evening. Her pain and inflammation have continued to worsen despite removing the contact lenses. On physical examination, you note diffuse moderate injection of the bulbar conjunctiva of the lefteye. Her extraocular motions and pupillary reflexes are normal. Results of funduscopic examination are normal. There is no discharge. Fluorescein examination reveals diffuse uptake of stain but no evidence of corneal abrasion. Of the following, the MOST appropriate next step in the management of this child is to

A 13-month-old boy presents to your office after his mother called for an urgent appointment because he had a bad cough and noisy breathing. He has been previously healthy and is fully immunized. On physical examination, his temperature is 100.9°F (38.3°C), pulse rate is 142 beats/min, respiratory rate is 36 breaths/min (crying), and pulse oximetry reading is 98o/o on room air. The mother states that he went to sleep normally with only mild symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection and awakened at 4 am with noisy breathing. He tolerated sips of juice this morning and has had no vomiting, diarrhea, or high fever. After the boy settles down from having his vital signs measured, he has a ''barking cough,'' and on auscultation, you notice stridor with every breath. Mild suprasternal retractions are visible on examination of the chest. He prefers to sit up and looks slightly anxious. Of the following, the treatment MOST likely to provide improvement is